The world’s first smart drug is Piracetam, which makes it a special highlight in the history of nootropics. It was first synthesized and developed in the 1960s to cure cognitive problems. Until today, Piracetam is still popular particularly to people who seek for a mild smart drug that effectively provides cognition benefits.

With its chemical name 2-oxo-1-pyrrolidine acetamide, Piracetam is GABA’s cyclic derivative – a powerful neurotransmitter that helps in reducing the excitability of neurons. The chemical name may sound complicated and a little confusing but its function is easy to understand: the smart drug improves the efficiency of your brain’s neurotransmitters. The neurotransmitters are the ones responsible for cognitive ability to focus, memory formation, and attention.

Today, the nootropic that is considered the safest is Piracetam. It only has few side effects and its mildness has made it the most popular nootropic among beginners. There are advanced users that try stronger compounds such as Noopept, Oxiracetam, and Phenylpiracetam.

Where Does Piracetam Come From?

Dr. Corneliu E. Giurgea, a Romanian chemist, was the one to first synthesized Piracetam in 1964. He then coined the term nootropic later. The smart drug was then made available to pharmacies and consumers all over the world in the early 1970s. That time, it was marketed and sold as a drug that increases cognition functions without side effects that are dangerous.

Today, the smart drug is very popular all over the world particularly in European countries. Many doctors in Europe actually prescribe Piracetam to treat certain conditions related to cognition. However, it is not allowed to be sold in Canada and the United States. Individuals may import it for personal consumption though. This is why it is also popular in South America, North America and even in Asia.

Like other racetams, Piracetam targets the brain’s Cholinergic or Acetylcholine system. The Ach or Acetylcholine neurotransmitters play a role that is critical in memory focus, attention, and cognition. The nootropic enhances the Ach system to unlock the neural benefits that are powerful.

There is no known precise mechanisms of Piracetam yet. However, we now know that the smart drug is:

• Capable of improving the acetylcholine receptors’ efficiency, which are heavily used for the formation process of memory

• Providing an effect on the receptors called NMDA glutamate, which help in the further enhancement of memory, cognition, and learning

• Responsible in increasing the permeability of membranes, which makes it easier for nutrients, vitamins, and oxygen to cross the barrier between blood and brain that results to the enhancement of the brain’s overall health

What’s really interesting is that Piracetam doesn’t act as a stimulant or sedative when unlocking all of these great benefits. This is one major reason why the smart drug doesn’t have any side effects.

Functions of Piracetam 

Piracetam may be the most studied smart drug to date because it was the first nootropic to be discovered. With numerous clinical studies and many years of research, the smart drug has sown that it is capable of providing a lot of cognitive benefits. These are:

Increased Neuroprotection

The ability to be a neuroprotectant is what makes Piracetam exciting. This means that the smart drug reduces neurotransmitters’ breakdown. The nootropic can be taken as a measure to prevent the development of the risk of stroke. But if taken after a person suffered from stroke, Piracetam significantly reduces the damage the stroke caused and it also speeds up the process of healing. Another amazing benefit is the ability of the smart drug to reduce alcohol abuse’s effects. There are also studies that showed how Piracetam can help in the treatment of degenerative neural conditions such as Alzheimer’s.

Improved Overall Brain Health

Piracetam also targets the brain’s free radicals because it also acts as an effective antioxidant. As a result, there is an increase in the brain’s overall health and nerve growth. This makes the brain more capable of creating new connections and synapses, which results to the enhancement of communication within the brain. It also helps in the facilitation of communication in the corpus callosum, which is needed in connecting the brain’s right and left hemispheres.

Improved Cognitive Performance 

Acetylcholine undeniably has a powerful effect on anyone’s memory. Enhanced memory and learning is the most striking benefits of Piracetam.

How To Use Piracetam As A Nootropic 

The nootropic can be bought in the form of powder or tablet. Of the two, the powder is more affordable. Advanced users may also benefit more from the powdered form. This is because the desire amount can be easily mixed into a glass filled water. On the other hand, convenience is what makes capsules better.

It is recommended to buy a microscoop or electronic scale. In this way, you can monitor the amount of the nootropic you are consuming. You should take note that there should be control in taking the supplement because taking too much is never a good idea.

What makes Piracetam great is the fact that it’s water-soluble. This means that you can take it in capsule form with water or take it as a mixture of powder and water. Others mix the powder to water-based beverages because they find the taste bitter. One great example is orange juice, which works perfectly in masking the bitter taste.

You need to take an “attack dose” first if it’s your first time to take Piracetam. The dose involves taking of 3 grams of the smart drug three times daily for two straight days. The dose is higher than what is normally consumed but it is necessary so you would have a faster build-up of the nootropic in your system. However, if it’s your first time to take nootropics, then you should not apply the attack dose. For more advanced users, the dose is an effective way to achieve maximum benefits.

So, if you’re a beginner, take around 800-1,500 mg of the smart drug three times daily. It is highly recommended that you take Piracetam with choline as stack. Some of the great choline supplements are Citicoline and Alpha GPC. With choline, there is mitigation of side effects, which results to optimum benefits.

Side Effects of Piracetam

Headache is the only side effect of the smart drug, which only occurs when large amount is taken. When the acetylcholine system doesn’t produce enough choline, your head starts to ache. Aside from this, there are no more serious side effects. 

Best Ways To Purchase

You need to by Piracetam online particularly if you’re living in North America. It can be imported to Canada and the United States for personal use. In Europe and other parts of the world, Piracetam is very easy to purchase. You don’t need any prescription.

Citicoline is a cholinergic chemical substance. Even though it is naturally present in the human body, it can also be consumed as a health supplement. Citicoline has a big role to play in the memory enhancement as it increases the acetylcholine levels of the brain.

Citicoline is easy to take and also easily accessible. It is considered to be one of the most effective and safest brain supplements currently available on the market. When consumed alone, Citicoline can provide highly effective cognitive power. However, a lot of people stack Citicoline to another nootropic such as racetam as a way to maximize its performance.  With this type of nootropic stack, the effects complement each other, and thus creating a beneficial feedback cycle that can have dynamic effects on the cholinergic system of the brain.

Citicoline Brief Background

Since Citicoline is naturally found in the body system, you can say that its origin is as old as the human beings. Ferrer, which is a pharmaceutical firm, synthesized Citicoline In 1993, with the intention of helping stroke patients.

In the same year, Interneuron, a nootropic supplement company, accredited exclusive manufacturing and marketing rights to Citicoline in Canada and America from Ferrer. By 1997, Interneuron company had patented Citicoline for its usage in the decrease in cerebral infarct volume level.

In the following year, another patent was granted for the role of Citicoline in protecting the brain tissues after a stroke.

Through the years, several research projects about Citicoline have transpired that showcased its great effects on the human brain. One particular MIT research verified the effects of Citicoline on verbal memory. That analysis come to the conclusion that the therapy using Citicoline can improve verbal memory performance particularly in older people with poor memories. Even so, Citicoline may prove to be effective in curing age-related cognitive loss that could be the forerunner to dementia.

The study regarding this subject featured 48 male and 47 female individuals between 50 and 85 years of age. All these volunteers were examined for memory disorders, dementia and other neurological conditions. Another study in 1999 included people who had suffered from strokes just recently.

Citicoline turned out to be effective on a number of the participants in increasing brain functions. On the other hand, some volunteers have shown no considerable outcomes.

Citicoline is a newbie in the world of nootropics and more studies have to be conducted to present a validated link between people that have degenerative brain disorders and cognitive development. With that being said, earlier studies gave promising results and some think that Citicoline could possibly be an effective solution for Alzheimer’s, strokes, and various other cognitive problems.

How Does Citicoline Function?

One of many qualities that makes Citicoline unique is that it can break into two separate chemical compounds right after traversing the blood-brain barrier. Basically, Citicoline breaks into cytidine and choline after being ingested in the digestive tract that crosses the blood-brain barrier. Each cytidine and choline have completely different functionalities.

Choline becomes acetylcholine and works as a meamory booster. On the other hand, Cytidine increases cerebral power, metabolic process and boosts the performance of compounds in the cell membranes. This provides you with increased energy and focus in the long run.

This means that Citicoline is a powerful dual action supplement. Just like all cholinergics, it improves memory retention and boosts memory development. But, compared to many other cholinergics, it also helps in improving focus and promotes overall brain health in many ways.

Citicoline works similarly to other cholinergics by increasing the levels of acetylcholine as it gives choline to the body. The body then converts that choline into acetylcholine, and thus improving memory performance.

When you consume Citicoline, you are increasing the level of choline in your body. The brain requires choline to create acetylcholine, which is used to send new information across the brain and store them for future recall. In other words, acetylcholine is a crucial chemical substance that allows the brain to remember and make new memories.

There are some sources on the internet claiming that Citicoline increases the levels of dopamine in the brain, in doing so improving your state of mind. However, this kind of claim has not been proven yet in any peer-reviewed research.

How To Use Citicoline

Citicoline is comparatively easy to use and well-tolerated. You can use it in tablet or powder form. Some individuals also take it by using intravenous procedures but this is not encouraged.

Tablets are the best way to consume Citicoline. A standard Citicoline tablet incorporates a 500mg dosage. The two major negative aspects of tablets are:

1. They are more expensive
2. You cannot customize your own dosage

After taking Citicoline tablets for a few weeks, you can increase your dosage as your body system gets used to the effects. If you are taking powder, you can simply add a little bit more to your dose. Moreover, powders are considered the most affordable options.

Regardless of whether you are choosing powder or capsule, the suggested daily dosage is at 500mg. As you become more familiar with your nootropic supplement, you may increase your dosage up to 2 grams a day. However, most nootropic experts would recommend maintaining below 1 gram every day.

The most preferred dosage of Citicoline is to take 250mg to 500mg, two times daily. You can take one dose in the morning and another at lunch time. This can help provide powerful cognitive effects during work hours.

It is possible to take Citicoline even without a meal. But remember, avoid using it in the late afternoon and evening in order to prevent sleep problems.

One of the most common technique to take Citicoline is as part of a nootropic stack. Stacking it is an excellent way to take full advantage of its positive benefits. You may opt to stack Citicoline together with a racetam such as Oxiracetam or Aniracetam.

The same as with any kind of nootropic, you need to cycle Citicoline on and off so as not to build tolerance. Some users advise cycling to a different cholinergic such as Alpha GPC every one to two weeks, while other people cycle off cholinergics completely before cycling back again.

Interestingly, a patient is more likely to experience a full recovery when Citicoline is taken within 24 hours of having an ischemic stroke, compared to someone who did not use Citicoline. Those patients who have recently suffered from a stroke are usually given a dose of 500mg every day.

Benefits Of Citicoline?

Citicoline has been associated with many cognitive benefits. We have mentioned these benefits above, but here is what to expect when you take Citicoline as your nootropic supplement:

• Increased Mental Energy – Citicoline is not a stimulant as opposed to various other nootropics. But, the increased cerebrovascular and brain metabolism gives stimulant-like results that can develop mental energy, focus and concentration. For this reason, it is best not to take Citicoline in the late afternoon or evening, as you may not be able to sleep at your usual time.

• Much Better Memory – It is one of the main benefits of Citicoline. The increased acetylcholine levels in the brain help in the formation and retention of the memory. It means you can process new information easily and then remember that information at some future time. In many scientific research, Citicoline has revealed a valuable effect on the memories of individuals who are from 50 to 85, and on patients with degenerative brain disorders.

• Improved Brain Metabolism – Citicoline improves the circulation of blood and the oxygen intake throughout your brain, maximizing brain metabolism, that can be connected with much better focus and concentration.

These positive effects make Citicoline a favorite nootropic supplement  for a various conditions. It is preferred by university students who are in highly competitive courses. It is also ideal for high-stress work settings, or in other situations where you can take advantage of your mental ability to perform well.

Side Effects of Citicoline

Scientific studies have proven that 90 days of continuous Citicoline use have no known side effects. But, these studies have not extended past the 90 day cycle. This does not indicate that Citicoline is not safe for consumption anymore after 90 days. It is a mild nootropic supplement and the majority of users will not detect any side effects.

Almost all users will not experience side effects of Citicoline. Those who do will experience nausea, headaches, diarrhea, sleep problems, low or high blood pressure. If you are worried about such negative effects, talk to your doctor before you use Citicoline.

You should also consult with your doctor if you are taking medication or if you are currently suffering from an illness or disease. Women who are breastfeeding or pregnant should also refrain from taking Citicoline or another nootropic substance.

The biggest scientific study on the side effects of Citicoline included about 2800 individuals from ages 60 to 80 years old. In this study, some adverse reactions were only observed in 5% of these participants. More than half of the 5% with side effects experienced mild digestive problems, and no severe negative effects were documented during the research.

Buy Citicoline Supplement Online

If you are interested in trying Citicoline, buying them online is safer, easier and much more convenient. It is also less expensive than the nootropic supplements at the local drugstores.

Ultimately, Citicoline is a legal supplement in the vast majority of the world, which is sold in more than 70 countries. It is usually sold under brand names such as Somazina, NeurAxon, Ceraxon, Synapsine and Cognizin. Whether you are an expert nootropic user or just trying it for the first time, now is the right time to buy Citicoline online.

Centrophenoxine is the most well-researched and one of the first nootropics available  today. People have been using it all over the world due to its efficiency to cure degenerative brain disorders. It has recently gained global recognition due to its capability to improve cognition and boost the overall health of the brain.

In terms of chemistry, Centrophenoxine is an ester of dimethylethanolamine (DMAE). Basically, Centrophenoxine is to DMAE the same as Alpha GPC is to choline, which is a supplement that increases the absorption of a certain chemical substance by using another active compound. Therefore, Centrophenoxine contains every one of the benefit of the DMAE, and is capable of producing them in a more potent way due to its increased bioavailability.

The amazing qualities of Centrophenoxine make it one of the most preferred nootropics in the world  for mental functionality. Presently, Centrophenoxine is available under the name Lucidril. The substance itself is also referred to as Meclofenoxate.

How Does Centrophenoxine Work?

Probably the most interesting thing about Centrophenoxine is that we still do not really know how it functions, even with all the studies it has gotten through the years. However, we know it is effective and performs well.

Generally speaking, the mechanisms of Centrophenoxine are not a complete mystery. For example, it is a precursor of acetylcholine. It increases the levels of acetylcholine in the brain, and that has been associated with the improvement and formation of memory retention while also increasing the cognitive functionality.

For these reasons, Centrophenoxine is placed in the cholinergic class, as it focuses on the cholinergic system. The main argument with Centrophenoxine is how it works in targeting the cholinergic system.

There are two ideas regarding this:

• Centrophenoxine may possibly break down into choline once it crosses the blood-brain barrier, and then the brain converts that choline to become acetylcholine.

• Or, Centrophenoxine may be transformed into a phospholipid as soon as it crosses the blood-brain barrier, and then it is used to create acetylcholine.

So we do not fully comprehend the route that Centrophenoxine takes, but we do understand it travels on one of those pathways in the brain and then affects it effectively.

No matter which route it takes, Centrophenoxine is believed to improve cognition in certain areas of the brain. It has shown to improve mental energy levels by means of increased oxygen use and increases the circulation of blood in the brain.

In addition, we understand that Centrophenoxine works as an antioxidant in the brain, focusing on harmful free radicals that cause mental aging. By flushing these harmful toxins out of your brain, Centrophenoxine helps the brain to work much better.

How To Use Centrophenoxine

Centrophenoxine is fairly easy to use and has been well tolerated nootropics in numerous scientific studies conducted. Many users divide their daily dosage in two intakes; consuming one early in the day and one in the early afternoon.

The suggested dosage of Centrophenoxine is 250mg ingested two times a day. As you become more familiar and tolerant of it, you may increase your daily dosage up to 1000mg maximum. The same as with all nootropics, you should start small and gradually increase your dose when you feel satisfied with the effects and benefits.

Centrophenoxine is also popular when used as a nootropic stack. It is usually stacked with Aniracetam, Noopept and Piracetam. These are widely used stacks as they boost the usage of acetylcholine in the brain, while Centrophenoxine improves the acetylcholine levels, resulting in a good feedback cycle. In turn, it provides positive effects on the cognition and memory. You also get to lessen the negative effects of racetams, such as headaches.

If you plan to stack Centrophenoxine with a racetam, the suggested dosage is 2:1 – two racetam and one Centrophenoxine. A stack will help produce positive effects faster and help minimize the side effects simultaneously.

Centrophenoxine Review

In 1959, Centrophenoxine was originally formulated at the French Scientific Research Center. Five years later, the first racetam (Piracetam) was created in 1964. At any rate, Centrophenoxine is backed up by over 50 years of scientific studies.

In 1986, scientists studied Centrophenoxine/Meclofenoxate on a number of male albino rats. The rats got the same dosage of Centrophenoxine for one week straight. Prior to taking Centrophenoxine, the rats were performing a simple training test, which includes a staircase maze along with other basic cognitive examinations. After this seven day cycle, the rats presented better retention and learning.

A few of those rats got twice the original dosage, and they showed remarkably much better retention and learning. Surprisingly, such results remained even after the 10th day, this was three days after the test subjects stopped using the Centrophenoxine.

Some other research has proven that Centrophenoxine is well-tolerated and displays few side effects. Another study in 2008 included 24 Asian male participants who compared 200mg Centrophenoxine formulation to a different 200mg tablet formulation. Both formulations were observed to be similar, and both were also well-tolerated without any reported adverse reactions.
Eventually, Centrophenoxine has a good reputation of success in the world of nootropic . A number of nootropics have been in existence the same time as Centrophenoxine and they have the same amount of scientific studies strengthening their results.

Some Centrophenoxine Benefits

Centrophenoxine is linked to a variety of positive effects, which include:

• Enhanced Brain Energy – Centrophenoxine improves the flow of blood and oxygen intake inside the brain. It has been proven to lessen mental fatigue since you are supplying more fuel to your brain. The brain needs large amounts of nutrients and oxygen. When it fails to get those nutritional requirements, you feel exhausted, cognitively weak and have lack of focus.

• Enhanced Memory Development – Centrophenoxine promotes cholinergic activity, increasing the levels of acetylcholine in the brain and contributing to better communication among neurons. When the neurotransmitters are more efficient, this helps the ability of the brain to process new information and send that information to the natural storage system.

• Get Rid of Lipofuscin from the Brain Cells – Lipofuscin is a waste product that builds up the cells in the body as you grow older. It is a major contributor to brown liver spots, skin marks and other conditions. Lipofuscin may be the cause of up to one third of the total volume of the cells in the brain, which lessens the healthy functions of the brain over time. Centrophenoxine minimizes the brain Lipofuscin by approximately 42% in just two months.

• Minimize the Effects of Some Degenerative Brain Disorders – In the1950s, it was originally developed as a treatment solution for dementia, Alzheimer’s, and various other degenerative brain problems. Modern studies are testing its effects on ADHD and other cognitive conditions.

Are There Any Side Effects ?

Centrophenoxine is viewed to be generally safe and well-tolerated nootropic supplement. Adults who are healthy should not experience any kind of problems while consuming this compound. Even so, there is still a small risk of acquiring a few minor side effects.

These negative effects include insomnia,  irritability, headaches, digestive issues and dizziness. In case you experience any of these effects, then reduce your dosage. You can also consult with your doctor. It is also advisable to talk to a doctor before you take Centrophenoxine if you are currently taking medication.

Best Ways To Buy Centrophenoxine

Centrophenoxine is legal in most parts of the world. Even those countries where it is unregulated, you can still import it for personal use the legal way.

Buying via the internet is the best option even when you are using Centrophenoxine as a nootropic stack. Ordering it online  allows you to benefit from competitive rates along with varied choices. A lot of online retailers will allow you to stack Centrophenoxine with different supplements to enjoy package deals. Lucidril is the most preferred brand for Centrophenoxine and you will have a hard time finding other Centrophenoxine supplements out there.